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when u judge, u dun hav time to love them...M.TheresaJesus, i long for u October 07 词汇从教学的观点看汉语词汇规范化问题
引言: 语言发展是一个社会现象。中华文化孕育五千年,汉语文自秦始皇统一文字以后,一直都在改变,变异( 从教学的角度来看,词汇规范能让语言初学者更容易掌握语言的规律,学习也比较容易。
规范的标准: 规范的过程是冗长且复杂的。汉语的规范并不采取投票制度,某个词不会只因为很多人使用就会变得规范。但规范的其中一个途径是约定俗成,比如说‘上班族’这个带东洋味道的词原本不属于汉语的。可是后来越来越多人使用这个词,约定俗成,这个词也无形中进入了主流词汇里。在这里潜伏了另一个问题,当大家都这么使用时就能把一个不规范的词规范化吗?榴‘木莲’是南方盛产的果实,在中国,榴‘木莲’的‘木莲’是没有木子边的。榴莲的‘莲’与莲花有关吗?从字面来探讨,有木字边的‘莲’比较能够表达出榴莲树是木本植物的意思,况且,莲花与榴莲无关,‘莲’字并非非用不可。这是教学上会出现的矛盾。教师若只教有一个‘莲’,学生就会把另一个‘莲’当错别字处理;两个都教就会增加学生的负担。约定俗成虽能达到规范的效果,但它也不是十全十美的。
另一个比较正规的规范途径是通过辞典。编写辞典时若能把词的细节与用法无误地记载下来,用语者就能很方便地查出一个词是否 规范。可是,编写辞典不是件容易的事,说需的时间也很长。届时,辞典就未能把最新的外来词和新词纳入辞典里。再说,即使辞典能够准确地为语言下个规范,用语者也未必能从他们所习惯的用改正。尽管如此,学语言不能缺少一本好辞典。除此之外,对于一些词如‘三明治’或‘三文治’,我们是否有必要将它们再规范化。两个词所表达的都是夹心面包,可是说夹心面包有异于我们的语言习惯,而且这两个词都已属于约定俗成了,习惯使用‘三文治’的用语者对‘三明治’的用法不会感到抗拒。笔者认为,对于这些异形词我们无需太过执著于其中一个词是对的。既然两者都有相同的表达能力,而且用语者也已经普遍上接受了两个词的出现,我们就姑且两者都接受。 方言词: 华人与华人之间的共同语言是“普通话”,也就是我们所说的华语或汉语。普通话其实就是北方方言。普通话之所以成为这名族的共同语言原因是其实用人口最广,分布地域最大(陈阿宝, 2002)。如果说汉语是汉人的语言,普通话就不是唯一的汉语。汉人还有很多别的方言。不同的方言在表达事务上难免会友差异。比如说我们说了解的‘妻子’在四川方言是‘婆娘’,福州话把它说成‘老妈’(陈阿宝, 2002)。再说,新加坡华人以福建人,广东人等居多,所以新加坡的华语里也掺杂了一些南方方言的特色。比如说新加坡的汉语出现了‘硬硬来’的用法:逞强的意思(周清海,2003)。这是不规范的词,在别的地方并没有用语者这么表达。
从另一个角度而言,在表情达意使用方言词能更清晰地反映当地的风土文化(刘中富, 2003)。比如在形容南洋的文化时,使用‘五脚基’这类方言词能在字行间表露出南洋一带的建筑文化。
方言词的用与不用之间应该如何取舍?使用方言词的弊处是它受地方性的影响,所以在使用方言词时,我们应该是场合而定。方言词的使用不应该影响交流,正如两族之间沟通必须寻求一个共同语言,否则即使表达得怎么逼真也不过是对牛弹琴。
一般上来说,我们可以从口语观察到学生是否有使用方言词的习惯。在教学上,教师应多鼓励学生发言,以便纠正他们含有方言的语句并加强学生的口头表达能力。 新外来词: 汉语不是孤立的语言,早在佛教传入中国时,汉语与梵语接触,出现了‘佛’、‘ 塔’、‘刹那’等外来词。直到今天我们仍有许多新的外来词。这些外来词在翻译上会出现差异。例如:英文的“Show”翻译成中文是表演,可是最近也出现了‘秀’和‘骚’来替代‘表演’这个词。一般上,在比较正式的场合我们都会用表演,如时装表演。‘秀’和‘骚’是音译的新外来词。这两个词出现在台湾,在其他地方并不普遍,没有约定俗成的效应。这两个词也不规范,在教学上笔者建议不教,若学生提出来或使用这类词则必须及时纠正。另外,报章上对于外来词的翻译也不一。缅甸的和平奋斗勇士兼诺贝尔和平奖得主 aung san suu kyi 有许多中文名。 新加坡的报章把她的名字翻译成‘翁山素枝’, 在马来西亚, 她被称为‘昂山素枝’。‘chikungunya’是类似骨痛热症(dengue) 的一种病,它也像骨痛热症一样有许多译名,在新加坡新闻报道‘基孔贡雅症’或简称‘基孔症’,《维基百科》把它译为‘契昆根亚热’。这些词有不同的翻译主要是因为它们是新的概念,仍没有统一的翻译;另外,它们之间的差异很大的原因是地方性的问题。不同区域的用语者翻译都很可能对新词有不同的翻译。身为教学着,我们应该怎么处理这一些有多从翻译但却又同样意思的词呢?笔者认为如果在同一个区域大家都已有约定俗成的用法,那就依那为教学的标准。这就是所谓的“因地制宜”的教学原则(林万菁,2006)。当学生使用非一般的翻译时,我们不能立即改他错,这是因为新外词很多时候都没有一个规范,那又何来对错呢?身为教师的可以尝试引学生使用‘比较规范’的,或在地方上比较普遍的翻译。在教学上,对于外来词的翻译,我们应尽量使用意译的词。好比如‘麦克风’和‘话筒’都是英文‘ microphone’的意思。前者是音译的外来词,后者是意译的。我们应尽量使用‘话筒’。这是因为它比较符合汉语的构词规律且易于了解。古语词: 古汉语是现代汉语的鼻祖。在提倡白话文之前,华人的用语都是比较简练的。今天当我们使用古语词的时候也能达到语句简练的效果。另外,使用古语词也表达庄严的气氛,甚至体现历史感( 刘中富,2003)。然而,在选用古语词时,我们必须谨慎以免误用。古语词一般不能望字生义。因此在使用古语词时,我们必须对古语词有一定的掌握,否则会闹笑话。‘弄瓦之喜’就是个很好的例子,从字面上并不能猜出它的意思。除非学生知道‘弄瓦之喜’是家中有新生女婴,不然便会产生不必要得语言变异。 在教学上,教师应鼓励学生莫以模糊为高深,学生不应该盲目地使用古语词。当然,这并不表示学生不可以使用古语词。现在的学生写作文总少不了一两个成语。这是个不错的教学方法。对于较低年级或基础不好的学生,教师在解释成语需要解释得比较仔细;教师也应该鼓励语文基础较好的学生去自学更多的成语。 总结: 词汇教学上的问题不少,语文教学并不如数理科般地直接了断,语文教学不只是知识的传授,语言是一种修炼。语文教师有时是凭着语感来教。这并不是间不好的事,只是同时间,我们必须知道社会上出现了很多新事物。教师不能和社会脱节,不断学习新事物,教学上自然会比较顺利。
参考书目: 1 。《实用汉语词汇》,刘中富著,安徽教育出版社2003年2 。《汉语研究与华文教学论集》,林万菁著,新华文化事业(新)有限公司2006年3 。《华语教学语法》,周清海著,玲子传媒私人有限公司2003年4 。《现代汉语概论》,陈阿宝主编,北京语言大学出版社2002年September 20 moved?Hi all
there is a shift . decided to do some changes to my blog
it will be mostly written in Chnese, shall reduce the frequency of blogging
and will try to up the quality a bit
have moved to blogspot..
The url is http://winter-chilled-orange.blogspot.com/
yup
added chatbox too September 18 yesterdayIt was the meet up that we said let's just be friends, and remember all the good times we used to have.
What things could have permit peoplet to make such decisions? Scars will make us stronger in life.
Many a times, I found myself not being decisive enough to stop certain things from happening. Blessed are those who knows self-control, I mean practice. I have lost several good friends over the years because of some stupid things that I have done in the pass. Let's not talk about it and let the blood of atonement cover it, for good.
I know there will be a time that I have to stand in front of God. How would I answer? Grace much needed in this area
Nonetheless, it was good...as sun always rises in the morning.
I got myself a new lappie...yay
Shall commit this lappie to God, and may He discipline me to use it for good, not gaming, haha September 16 cold in the office I off all the air con except for one. And I still feel very cold. Tonight has been a quiet night. Just want to thank God that for the past 2 weeks that I have been able to concentrate in class. A tip: eat apple before class and drink tea. Tea is technically caffeinated drink, so I will not drink too much of it. Went to watch 'the days' with MJ. Didn't quite expect that he will come, but was glad to spend time out of a busy schedule. The movie was bad. Bad acting...Prior to the movie, I spent hours reading at starbucks. It was good time reading, like really can spend time reading, is a luxury. Went botanic garden with CnM that day. Quite a crazy thing to do since it was raining. I managed to finished half of my reflection, there. Oh...I should be going back next week. For holidays. I should probably start my research paper tomorrow. I read the comic for heavenly man just before dinner. I finished it. It would have been a fiction to me if not for the fact that he is a real person. All his experience are really dramatic and he has been tortured many times. I am not sure if I am up to it. I still hope that God will send me somewhere, someday, if not for Mozambique. I don't want to live my life comfortably in Singapore knowing that I have unfinished work for God. Just pray that Malaysia will survive this turmoil. Sad to see people are just all out for power. I am not a supporter of either side. Both have yet to show that they are genuine. Was particularly saddened to see the journalist being detained like a terrorist and that stupid minister come to say something that was later contradicted by the police. I think he should resign as well. Talk about it, aren't the root cause is hatred, put in modern term - racism. In this case, well, love your neighbour as you love yourself. The ideal is that, Jesus has set that as a standard. I will urge all Malaysian to put aside hatred against other races, and if you pray, pray for the nation. Let it not be another international drama. Economy downturn should be coming soon. People, save money. my conversion story as asked by the ChurchLim Kuan Chin Testimony - Conversion
I first heard of the Bible and Jesus when I was a 3 or 4. My aunt, a church worker, who visited us frequently used to tell stories from the Bible. There has always been an innate feeling that I want to be a Christian, but was discouraged by my parents who were not Christians. In year 2003, I received a scholarship and came to Singapore to study my secondary 3. I started visiting churches since I was no longer restricted by my parents. My hostel warden, Esther, brought me to her church together with other students. We listened to God’s word and joined their fellowship. She even did some Bible study with me. I was convinced that God is real, and I accepted Him as my personal Savior. Nonetheless, being a young Christian, I was quickly tested with spiritual warfare. I did very badly for my sec 3 end-of-year examinations, and my scholarship was on pending renewal. Also, I had fights with my friends and I broke hostel rule. All these had successfully led me into a delusion that God did not care for me. I had briefly renounced my faith and once contemplated suicide. God was still with me even when I was naïve and rebellious. He sent me Christian friends to encourage me and prayed with me. I felt guilty that I have spoken against the Lord. I seek forgiveness and returned to Church. From then on, my walk with God has been wonderful. God has done many miracles in my life such as helping me to do well in my studies way beyond my ability, giving me mentors to guide my walk, and even showing me a vision that calls me to the mission field. I love Him and praise Him for all that He has done for me. September 12 I guess is just a bad dayI guess today is just a day that I do not feel right...For one reason or another.
Firstly, I feel agitated in the class, I don't agree with what prof said. Well, I feel lousy unable to defend for the point that we should love our neighbour like ourselves, to my class, and my profs, it is an absurb idea.
Then, well, badminton with classmates was cancelled, and I didn't know.
Then I came back hoping for a relax game, well, didn't turn up well also, was asked to stay in office, I know I should help and all that, but if there is one time that I am so unwilling to help, it would have been now.
People around me doesn't seem to be too...you know, well...
So, CF is in 20 mins, I haven't bathed yet, not knowing when I can go up.
Not knowing if things are ready in CF.
Not knowing if there is even a worship session
Not knowing this and that...
I just offer up a prayer that somehow God will minister to me...till I teach in a while.
I just feel outright bad Kokia
Kokia, a Japanese singer, fanned by a friend of mine, so started to listen to it, Impressive vocal, wide range of genre...mostly soft music though. Arigatou, the first song was covered by Sammi Cheng as well...I like the 2nd song, remember the kiss. Unfortunately, i think her album is not available in Singapore. Please enjoy |
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